Sobanukirwa Bimwe Mu Bibazo Wibaza Kubijyanye n’Umutwe Wa Hamas
Nta gihe kinini gishize umutwe wa Hamas ukoze ibyo abenshi batatekerezaga ubwo yoherezaga ibisasu bya rutuka ku gihugu cya Isiraheli bihitana abatari bacye ndetse na byinshi birangirika. Ariko se byagenze bite ngo Hamas itinyuke gukora Isiraheli mu jisho, kandi ari igihugu kizwiho kugira ubutasi bukomeye? Ese uyu mutwe wa Hamas wavutse ute? Ugamije iki? Ibyo wakoze bivuze iki ku gihugu cya Isiraheli? Kigali Today yahisemo kugukorera icyegeranyo kuri uyu mutwe ngo usobanukirwe amavu n’amavuko y’uyu mutwe watumye muri ibi bihe amaso y’abatuye isi ahangwa mu burasirazuba bwo hagati.
Mu rukerera rwa tariki 7 Ukwakira 2023, abarwanyi bo mu mutwe wa Hamas wo muri Palestine batangije ibitero byibasiye ibice bitandukanye by’igihugu cya Israel. Ni ibitero byatangiranye n’ibisasu bya rokete (rockets) byoherejwe ku migi itandukanye y’aho muri Israel cyane cyane iyegereye intara ya Gaza, nyuma abarwanyi basaga 1000 ba Hamas basenya inkuta zitandukanya iyi ntara na Israel, maze binjira muri israel hagati. Mu kwihorera, Israel nayo yahise isubukura ibitero by’indege z’intambara maze isuka ibisasu mu ntara ya Gaza, ndetse minisitiri w’intebe Benjamin Netanyahu yavuze ko kuri ubu Israel iri mu bihe by’intambara.
Kugeza ubwo twandikaga iyi nkuru, iyi ntambara hagati ya Hamas na Israel yari imaze guhitana abanyaisrael barenga 800 ndetse n’abanyapalestine barenga 700, abatari bacye bava mu byabo.
Ibitero bya Hamas muri Israel byatunguye benshi, haba inzego z’ubutasi za Israel ndetse n’abandi bakurikirana ibibera mu gace k’uburasirazuba bwo hagati. Ni nabyo bitero bikomeye kandi byakorewe muri Israel hagati kuva mu myaka 50 ishize. By’umwihariko ibi bitero bikaba byaratunguranye kubera ubunini bwabyo ndetse n’ubushobozi abarwanyi ba Hamas babashije kugaragaza.
Uyu mutwe w’abarwanyi ba Hamas ukaba ari umutwe umaze igihe kinini urwanya leta ya Israel, ndetse ukavuga ko uharanira ukwishyira ukizana kw’abanyapalestine n’ishingwa rya leta yabo. Ariko se Hamas yavuye he? Ifite umugambo ki? Ivana he ubushobozi bwo gukora? Ibi ni bimwe mu bintu ukwiye kumenya ku mutwe wa Hamas.
Inkomoko ya Hamas
Ḥarakah al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah (Hamas), ni umuryango washinzwe mu mwaka w’1987 Ariko amateka yawo ahera kera cyane mu mwaka w’1928 ubwo mu gihugu cya Misiri hatangizwaga umuryango w’Abavandimwe b’Abayislam (Muslim Brotherhood). Uyu ni umuryango ugamije gukwirakwiza indangagaciro za kisilamu zikava mu musigiti zikagera no mu buzima busanzwe bw’abaturage b’ibihugu ukoreramo.
Mu mwaka w’1935 ni bwo Muslim Brotherhood yatangiye gukorera muri Palestine, icyo gihe yari mu maboko y’abakoloni y’abongereza. Uyu muryango wakomeje gukorana n’abanyapalestine mu bihe bitandukanye harimo mu mwaka w’1948, ubwo hashingwaga leta ya Israel ku butaka bwahoze ari ubw’abanyapalestine, ndetse no mu 1967 ubwo Israel yiyomekagaho ubundi butaka bw’abanyapalestine mu kizwi nk’intambara y’iminsi itandatu (6-Day War).
Mu mwaka w’1973, umugabo witwaga Ahmed Yassin, wari ufite ubumuga bw’ingingo zose z’umubiri, yashinze ikigo kitwaga al-Mujama al-Islamiya cyakoraga nk’ishami rya Muslim Brotherhood mu ntara ya Gaza. Iki kigo kikaba cyarakoraga ibikorwa bitandukanye byo gufasha abatishoboye mu ntara ya Gaza, ku buryo leta ya Israel nayo yamuhaga amafaranga kugira ngo yagure ibikorwa bye. Binyuze muri uyu muryango nibwo Ahmed Yassin yatangiye gushakira abanyapalestine intwaro bifashishaga mu kurwanya Israel.
Nyuma y’uko umutwe wa Hamas utangiye gukora ni bwo bamwe mu bategetsi ba Israel bicujije impamvu bahaye uyu mugabo ubufasha. Umwe muri bo witwa Avner Cohen yavuze ko israel ubwayo ari yo yashinze Hamas binyuze mu bufasha yahaga Ahmed Yassin.
Mu mwaka w’1985, Ahmed Yassin yatawe muri yombi na leta Israel azira kuba umuryango we wari usigaye wivanga mu bikorwa byo gutanga intwaro zo kurwanya israel. Gusa uyu mugabo yaje kurekurwa mu mwaka wakurikiyeho w’1986 mu gikorwa cyo guhanahana imfungwa hagati ya Palestine na Israel.
Avuye mu munyururu muri Israel, Ahmed Yasssin yashinze umutwe wari ugamije gucunga umutekano w’ibikorwa bye ariko nanone ukaba wari ufite inshingano zo gutahura abatasi bajyaga kugurisha amakuru kuri Israel.
Tariki 9 Ukuboza 1987, imodoka y’igisirikare cya Israel yiciye abanyapalestine 4 kuri imwe mu nzira zinyurwamo binjira cyangwa se basohoka mu ntara ya Gaza. Ibi byatangije imyigagarambyo ikomeye yo kwamagana Israel yaje kumenyekana ku izina rya Intifada ya mbere. Mu minsi ya mbere y’iyi myigaragambyo, Ahmed Yassin ndetse na benshi mu bagize Muslim Brotherhood bahuriye iwe mu rugo maze bemeza ko nabo bagombaga kugira akantu bakora mu rwego rwo kwifatanya n’abandi banyapalestine.
Itangazo ryashyizwe ahagaragara tariki 14 Ukuboza 1987, niryo ryatangije ibikorwa bya Hamas, ariko izina “Hamas” ryo ryatangiye gukoreshwa guhera mu kwezi kwa Mutarama 1988.
Hamas ifite uwuhe mugambi?
Mu kwezi kwa Kanama 1988, nibwo Hamas yashyize ahagaragara inyandiko yerekanaga amategeko ayigenga ndetse n’imigabo n’imigambi yayo. Muri iyi nyandiko abagize Hamas bavugaga ko ari umuryango ushingiye kuri Muslim Brotherhood, ugamije gushinga leta igendera ku mahame ya kisilamu muri Palestine, igasimbura leta ya Israel isanzwe ihari. Hamas ivuga ibi bizagerwaho ari uko leta ya Israel ibanje kurimburwa cyangwa se igasenywa burundu. Hamas ivuga kandi ko nta kindi gisubizo gishoboka ku kibazo cya Palestine usibye intambara ntagatifu (Jihad), kuko ubuhuza bw’ibihugu n’imiryango mpuzamahanga nta musaruro bwigeze butanga kugeza ubu.
Ese Hamas ni umutwe w’iterabwoba?
Kuri ubu ibihugu bitandukanye birimo Israel USA, Canada, Ubwongereza, Ubuyapani n’ibihugu bigize umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Uburayi bivuga ko Hamas ari umutwe w’iterabwoba. Ariko ku rundi ruhande ibihugu nka Iran, Uburusiya, Turkiya Ubushinwa na Misiri ntabwo bifata Hamas nk’aho ari umutwe w’iterabwoba.
Kuba Hamas ifatwa nk’umutwe w’iterabwoba, ku ruhande rumwe bituruka ku kuba mu bihe bitandukanye yarakunze gukora ibitero by’ubwiyahuzi byagiye byibasira abanya-Israel baba abasirikare ndetse n’abasivili.
Hamas iyoborwa nande?
N’ubwo henshi ku isi izwi nk’umutwe w’iterabwoba uhanganye na Israel, mu by’ukuri iyo urebye imitere n’imikorere ya Hamas ubona ko imeze nk’ umuryango mugari ufite amashami atandukanye akora ibikorwa bitandukanye birimo ibyo gutanga serivisi zitandukanye zifasha abatuye muri Gaza kugira imibereho myiza, hakaba ishami rishinzwe ivugabutumwa rya kisilamu, ishami rishinzwe itangazamakuru, ishami rishinzwe ibikorwa bya politiki ndetse n’ishami rishinzwe ibya gisirikare ari naryo rikunze kuvugwa cyane. Iri shami rishinzwe ibikorwa bya gisirikare rikaba rizwi ku izina rya Izzedine al-Qassam Brigades. Niryo ritegura ndetse rikanashyira mu bikorwa ibikorwa bya gisirikare abanyapalestine bahanganyemo na Israel.
N’ubwo Hamas ari umutwe ufite ibikorwa byawo muri Palestine hagati, abayobozi bakuru b’uyu mutwe benshi baba hanze y’igihugu. Mu mwaka wa 2017, akanama ngenzuramikorere ka Hamas (Majlis al-Shura) ari nako gafata ibyemezo byose, katoreye Ismail Haniya kuyobora Hamas. Uyu Ismail Haniya akaba atuye mu gihugu cya Qatar.
Ese Hamas ikura he ubushobozi bwo gukora?
Iki gihugu cya Qatar kimwe n’ibindi bihugu byinshi by’abarabu, ni bamwe mu baha Hamas ubufasha bw’amafaranga kugira ngo ibashe gukomeza ibikorwa byayo muri Gaza.
Mu mwaka wa 2011, Hamas ikaba yari ifite ingengo y’imari ya miliyoni 70 z’amadolari kandi 85% by’ayo mafaranga yavuye hanze yaPalestine. Usibye Qatar, ibindi bihugu bivamo amafaranga yo gufasha Hamas ni Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Ubwongereza, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubutaliyani ndetse n’Ubufaransa. Amenshi muri aya akaba ari amafaranga akusanzwa n’abantu bashyigikiye ibikorwa bya Hamas byo kurwanya leta ya Israel.
Kuki Hamas ikorera muri Gaza gusa?
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2007, Hamas niyo ifite ubutegetsi mu ntara ya Gaza, mu gihe ishyaka rya Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) rifite ubutegetsi mu gace ka West Bank. Mu mwaka wa 2006, nyuma y’amatora y’inteko ishinga amategeko Hamas n’ishami rya PLO rizwi nka Fatah barwaniye ubutegetsi muri Gaza kugeza ubwo Hamas yatsindaga bituma abayoboke ba PLO bose birukanwa ku butegetsi muri Gaza, maze Hamas isigara ari yo ifite ubutegetsi gusa.
Hamas itegeka abantu barenga miliyoni ebyiri batuye muri iyi ntara ya Gaza ifite uburebure bwa kilometero 41 n’ubugari bwa kilometero 10 gusa. Ibitero byose Hamas ikora bikaba bituruka aho muri Gaza.
